represented a separate phoneme, most probably /ʃ/ (transliterated as ś). The early Latin alphabet adopted sigma, however not san, as Old Latin didn’t have a /ʃ/ phoneme. First mentioned in 1159, Düsseldorf (“Village on the Düssel,” a small tributary of the Rhine) was chartered in 1288 by the depend of Berg and was the capital of the duchies of Berg and Jülich from 1511 till it passed to the Palatinate-Neuberg line in 1609. Shape Although the town suffered considerably in the Thirty Years’ War and the War of the Spanish Succession, it revived beneath the elector palatine Johann Wilhelm II (Jan Wellem). After being the capital of the short-lived Napoleonic…